IBanga le-11 bebelokhu befunda mayelana nesakhiwo sama-athomu, kuhlanganisa nemithelela ye-electron excitation. Imibala esesithombeni ikhiqizwa ngenxa yokuthi ama-electron aku-ion yensimbi “ajabule” ngemva kokuthatha amandla ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi “ukumuncwa”. Lapho ama-electron elahlekelwa amandla futhi, akhipha amaza okukhanya okuyisici futhi singakwazi ukubona izinsimbi ngawo
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