Qib 11 tau kawm txog cov qauv ntawm cov atoms, suav nrog cov teebmeem ntawm electron excitation. Cov xim hauv daim duab yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv cov hlau ions ua "zoo siab" tom qab siv lub zog los ntawm cov txheej txheem hu ua "absorption". Thaum cov electrons poob lub zog dua, lawv tawm cov yam ntxwv wavelengths ntawm lub teeb thiab peb tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov hlau los ntawm
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